Kiefer similarly employs heavy industrial and unconventional materials like lead combined with paint on monumental surfaces, creating works with an overwhelming physical presence and layered materiality that commands the viewer's spatial experience.

Judd's minimalist works share the same commitment to geometric form, industrial materials, and the deliberate manipulation of scale to assert a powerful spatial and physical relationship between the artwork and the viewer's body.

Richter's large scale acrylic works on rigid supports explore similar minimalist and abstract territories, using restrained color fields and material weight to create a commanding sense of monumentality and contemplative presence.